Welcome, fellow mushroom enthusiasts, to another exciting journey into the fascinating realm of mycology! Today, we're delving into the mysterious and mesmerizing Lion's Mane mushroom, scientifically known as Hericium erinaceus.

This unique and magnificent mushroom has captured the attention of both culinary connoisseurs and health enthusiasts alike due to its intriguing history, remarkable medicinal properties, exceptional nutritional content, and intriguing growth conditions. Join me as we explore the multifaceted world of Lion's Mane and uncover its many wonders.

The Fascinating History of Lion's Mane Mushrooms

Early Discovery:

Lion's Mane mushrooms have a rich history, dating back centuries in traditional Asian medicine. Known as "Yamabushitake'' in Japan, (Mori et al., 2009), this mushroom translates to “Mountain Monk Mushroom”  which is named after the Yamabushi Buddhist monk’s  ornament worn on their garment resembling the color and shape. (Mizuno, 1995). 

In China “hóu tóu gū” translates to "Monkey's Head Mushroom '' due to its resemblance to the fur of a monkey (Xie et al., 2022). H. erinaceus was successfully cultivated by farmers indoors using conifer sawdust in artificial cultivation (Mizuno et al., 1999a). This historical significance paved the way for modern research into its medicinal benefits as it provided a reliable method to source the mushrooms.

Modern Discovery:

Its Latin origin was identified in 1780 by the British Mycological Society as “Hydnum caput-medusae.” Hydnum meaning unusual spore bearing structures of teeth rather than gills,  Caput meaning head, and Medusae referred to the dome shape with tentacles.

When French botanist-mycologist Jean Baptiste Francois (Pierre) Bulliard described Lion’s Mane in 1780, he gave it the binomial scientific name of “Hydnum erinaceus.”

It was Christiaan Hendrik Persoon who renamed this species to its present genus in 1797, whereupon its scientific name became Hericium erinaceus, which translated to “Hedgehog spikes of animal” due to its round shape and spikes (The GB checklist of Fungi - Species Data 2005). The scientific name has not changed since 1797. 

Traditional/Modern Chinese Medicine (Houtougu - “monkey head mushroom”):

In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Lion’s mane is used for various health purposes such as digestive health (Diling et al., 2017), boosting immunity (Khan et al., 2013), and support for the nervous system (Li et al., 2013). While it is often used as a standalone remedy, it may also be incorporated into TCM formulations and practices. It is common to find herbal formulations typically combining multiple herbs with complementary properties to address specific health concerns.

One type of TCM formulation, Decoction, is a method of extracting active compounds from herbs by boiling them in water often prepared as tea (Ghosh et al., 2021). TCM practitioners may recommend the use of Lion's Mane mushroom powder (Mori et al., 2009) as a dietary supplement which can be taken in capsules or with food. While a popular modern day formulation involves tinctures which are liquid extracts made by soaking herbs in alcohol or another solvent. 

 

 

Clinical Research Timeline of H. erinaceus (Brandalise et al., 2023)

The above image summarizes the Clinical Research Timeline conducted with H. erinaceus (HE) using herbal formulations extracted from the fruiting body or mycelia, alcohol extracts, and introduced as a food supplement. Each study focused on a different dose for their test groups, however, the duration of the trial was consistent in being at least 4 weeks (Brandalise et al., 2023) long.

The test group varied in age, weight, and cognitive disorders and also had a smaller population size when it came to gathering data. The effects observed in each trial involved cognitive function tests to determine the effects on the neural networks.

According to the FDA, there are different types of clinical research: Treatment, Prevention, Diagnostic, Screening, Quality of Life, Genetic, Epidemiological, and Phases of clinical trials (Commissioner, 2018). There is currently no clinical trial that has been approved by the FDA for testing HE supplements since drug claims must go through the “new drug approval” process.

Medicinal Properties supported by research

Cognitive Health: 

Lion's Mane is renowned for its nootropic effects. It contains compounds that may stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) production, promoting brain health, memory, and cognitive function. It’s a natural brain booster! In Japan, there were clinical studies conducted in 2008 and 2019 to measure the improvement of cognitive functions with Hericium erinaceus.

In 2008, A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial focused on oral administration (250 mg tablets with 96% Yamabushitake dry powder) of “Yamabushitake” while using the Revised Hasegawa Dementia Scale (HDS-R) as the cognitive scale (Mobyri et al., 2009). The population of the subjects ranged from 50 to 80-year-old Japanese men and women diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment. The study results showed subjects who were administered Yamabushitake had significantly increased scores compared to the placebo group, which suggests the effect on cognitive impairment.

In 2019, the researchers ran a similar test but with new cognitive scales that would test for function: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Benton visual retention test, and Standard verbal paired-associate learning test (S-PA) (SAITSU et al., 2019). However, in 2022, the Department of Kinesiology at the University of North Alabama conducted a test with college students where they would consume muffins that were prepared with 10g of Hericium erinaceus. With that, they measured the cognitive function using the “Stroop Word Challenge” and a pre-post grade exercise test. Researchers observed through the study that consumption of 10g Hericium erinaceus muffins had no impact on metabolic flexibility and cognition in a college-age cohort.

Clinical trials on Lion’s Mane have been performed by academic and governmental agencies using capsules in different dosages and test groups since 2009. Observations found were improvements in cognitive impairment in patients. Most effects demonstrated improvements in mental health in test groups such as patients with sleeping disorders, overweight, elderly, and women in menopause. Recently, Grozier et al. (2022) found no changes in cognition in the college-age cohort, which suggests that further studies need to be explored by researchers when determining the amount of HE participants consume.

Nerve Regeneration 

In 2012, a study by the Malaysian Mushroom Research Centre was conducted on adult female Sprague-Dawley rats using aqueous extracts of HE fresh from fruiting bodies following an injury on the peroneal nerve (Wong et al., 2012). The treated group of rats were able to recover their hind limb function and normal toe movement sooner than the control group which did not receive treatment. Axon regeneration and restoration of nerve end plates that connect to the neuromuscular junction by their foot showed better success than their counterparts (negative control). Although the treatment was only studied in rats, the gene expression of certain signaling pathways showed the daily oral administration of HE could promote the regeneration of the peroneal nerve in an injured rat (Wong et al., 2012).

Nervous System Support:

Lion's Mane mushroom is known for its potential benefits to the nervous system. It is traditionally used to support brain health and nerve growth factor synthesis (Li et al., 2013). Based on research studies, scientists are able to understand the neuroprotective properties that may help with conditions related to nerve health. Research suggests that Lion's Mane may help protect against neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain.

In 2014, The Korean Society of Mushroom Science posted a review in their journal, on how H. erinaceus stimulates the synthesis of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) which is the primary protein responsible for enhancing and repairing neurological disorders. Especially, Hericenones and erinacines isolated from its fruiting body and mycelium respectively stimulate NGF synthesis (Kim et al., 2014).

The subjects of the H. erinaceus group took four 250mg tablets containing 96% of H. erinaceus dry powder 3x/day for 16 weeks. After the termination of the intake, the subjects were observed for the next four weeks. At weeks 8, 12, and 16 of the trial, the H. erinaceus group showed significantly increased scores on the cognitive function scale compared with the placebo group. The test subjects were instructed to consume 1 gram of dry powder 3 times a day. The H. erinaceus group's scores increased with the duration of intake (Mori et al., 2009). These results suggest that the intake of H. erinaceus is efficacious for improving mild cognitive impairment without serious adverse effects. 

Findings for Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s:

One person in every 85 people can be expected to suffer from Alzheimer’s Disease by the year 2050, (Brookmeyer et al., 2007). The disease may be classified by the progression of the onset into early-onset AD and late-onset AD. Early onset AD accounts for approximately 1%–6% of all cases and manifests roughly between 30 and 60 years. (Anand et al., 2014)

In a study conducted in 2020, a clinical trial article was published in the Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience by scientists from Taiwan. The trial focused on the safety and efficacy of Erinacine A-Enriched Hericium erinaceus (EAHE) with patients that were over 50 years old diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD).  Three 350 mg/g EAHE capsules intervention for 49 weeks demonstrated higher CASI (Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument), MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination), and IADL (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living) scores and achieved a better contrast sensitivity in patients with mild AD (Alzheimer’s Disease) when compared to the placebo group, suggesting that EAHE is safe, well-tolerated, and may be important in achieving neurocognitive benefits. (Li et al., 2020)

To better understand the mechanism of action of H. erinaceus in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Parkinson’s Disease (PD), animal testing is routinely conducted on mouse models. The results found for AD indicate that current mouse models 30 day-oral administration of HEM (H. Erinaceus Mycelium) displayed increased serum and hypothalamic concentrations of acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase (Spelman et al., 2017).

Patients with AD demonstrate a decrease in the production of acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase, so with the results showing an increase in these neurotransmitters, it shows potential in its positive effects for improving cognitive function. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disease first described in the 1800s by its founder James Parkinson as the ‘Shaking Palsy’ (Mhyre et al., 2012). In vivo studies with animals were performed utilizing oral administration of HEM (10.76 or 21.52 mg/day) which led to improvement in oxidative stress and dopaminergic lesions in the striatum and substantia nigra after 25 days (Spelman et al., 2017). 

Anti-inflammatory effects:

The various formulations of extracts were believed by naturopathic practitioners to help with issues like stomach discomfort, indigestion, and gastritis. A study published in May 2023, focused on the therapeutic potential for gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and analyzed the possible underlying molecular mechanisms of action. (Gravina et al., 2023) The review focused on studying mouse models and while providing evidence of the effects on GI Disorders. Hericium erinaceus is a promising candidate as a therapeutic option in the treatment of various diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract. The evidence stems from several preclinical trials that have shown that this mushroom possesses anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic capabilities for the gastrointestinal tract. (Gravina et al., 2023)

Immune System Boost: 

Lion's Mane contains beta-glucans, which can enhance the immune system, making it more robust and responsive to pathogens. Lion's Mane is often consumed by mycophiles to strengthen the immune system, protecting the body from various infections. In 2017, a Chinese study used Hericium erinaceus (HE) extracts for relieving inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The rats and mice used for the study had induced IBD by performing a trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS) enema. The animal's gut microbiota was measured for change in cytokine formation as the expression of specific cytokines suggests the activation of the adaptive immunity. Cytokines production was observed with the animals treated with the HE extracts, showing inhibition of inflammation and conditional pathogen/pathogenic bacteria.

The tests demonstrated that HE alcohol extracts could promote a synergistic system between the microbiome found in the gut, and the host adaptive immunity in vivo IBD model; this fact shows clinical potential in relieving IBD by regulating gut microbiota and immune system. (Diling et al., 2017). The alcohol extract activated the mucosal cells of the mice that were induced with IBD. The mucosal cells then activated the immune system while regulating the metabolic system. 

Growing Conditions

If you're intrigued by Lion's Mane, you might want to try growing your own. Here are some basic growing conditions to consider:

Substrate: Lion's Mane mushrooms are often cultivated on hardwood sawdust, supplemented with nutrients like bran or rice bran. A common ratio is 5 parts hardwood sawdust to 1 part bran by weight (Stamets, P. (2005). Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms. Ten Speed Press).

Temperature and Humidity: Optimal growth occurs at temperatures around 75-80°F (24-27°C) with high humidity (around 90% relative humidity). A reliable way to measure humidity is with a hygrometer, which can be placed inside the growing environment (Stamets, P. (2005). Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms).

Light: Unlike some mushrooms, Lion's Mane benefits from indirect light. Growers recommend providing low-intensity, diffused light rather than direct sunlight or strong artificial light sources. Keep the light source at a distance of about 4-6 feet from the growing area (National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2020). Hericium erinaceus, Lion's Mane Mushroom).

Time: Be patient; Lion's Mane can take several weeks to fruit. The exact time can vary depending on environmental conditions and the specific strain you are cultivating. It's essential to maintain consistent conditions throughout the growth cycle (Stamets, P. (2005). Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms).

Nutritional Content of Lion's Mane Mushrooms

Nutrient Breakdown:

In Paul Stamets book “Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms'” he breaks down the nutrition content for each mushroom species listed in the book. The identification of each nutritional content was weighed against 100g to give a better idea of the percentages, for example 31.7g of protein was found in a total of 100g of Lion's Mane. Based on Paul Stamets findings, Hericium erinaceus had the following nutritional content: Protein (31.7%), Fat (4%), Carbohydrate (17.6%), Dietary Fiber (30%), and 233 kcal/100g (Stamets, 2000). Most of the components that were extracted from LM studies are polysaccharides that focused on the alpha and beta glucans.  

Hericerins - Alkaloid, isolated from the fruiting body.

Hericenones C, D, E, F, G and H and erinacines A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I were isolated from the methanol extract of the fruit body and mycelium of H. erinaceus, respectively, all of which promote nerve growth factor(NGF) synthesis in rodent cultured astrocytes. (Martínez‐Mármol et al., 2023)

Erinacines - cyathane-type diterpenoid (erinacines A-I) gained attention for their potential to stimulate the production of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the brain. Found in the mycelium. (Venturella et al., 2021)

Steroids - ergosterol, erinarols A-F, ergostane-type steroids can help reduce inflammation in the body. (Tada et al., 2022)

Erinaceolactones - terpenoids believed to promote neural regeneration and cognitive function. (Wu et al., 2014)

Glycoproteins - Molecules composed of both protein and carbohydrate. Can support gut health by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. (Friedman, 2015)

Polysaccharides - Constituents of the cell wall of the fungi such as Alpha & Beta-glucans are generally extracted from the fruiting body. (Dong et al., 2006)

Sterols - ergosterol, have been studied in Japan for their cholesterol-lowering effects. (Tada et al., 2022) They may help regulate cholesterol levels in the body. 

Conclusion

In conclusion, Hericium erinaceus, commonly known as Lion's Mane mushroom, holds a prominent place in both Traditional Chinese and Japanese Medicine for centuries due to its potential health benefits. This remarkable mushroom offers a range of medicinal properties, including its ability to stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) production, promoting cognitive function and neuroprotection.

When it comes to cultivating Hericium erinaceus, it's crucial to provide specific growing conditions. This idea includes a substrate of hardwood sawdust, supplemented with nutrients like bran, maintaining a temperature range of 75-80°F (24-27°C) with high humidity around 90%, providing indirect light, and being patient as it can take several weeks to fruit.

From a nutritional perspective, Lion's Mane is a true powerhouse. It is low in calories and fat, a source of protein, fiber, and essential amino acids, and rich in vitamins and minerals, including B-vitamins, potassium, and zinc. It also contains antioxidants that combat free radicals and support overall health. Incorporating Hericium erinaceus into your daily diet or as a supplement can be an excellent way to reap its potential benefits. Whether used in culinary creations like stir-fries and soups, consumed as a tea, or taken in supplement form, Lion's Mane offers a versatile and delicious addition to your everyday life.

As research on this remarkable mushroom continues to evolve, it's important to stay informed about its latest findings and consult with healthcare professionals when considering its use for specific health concerns. Embracing Hericium erinaceus may not only add a delightful flavor to your dishes but also contribute to your overall well-being, making it a truly marvelous addition to your lifestyle. 

 

 

 

 

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